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The settlement and tombs of the strata
c–a/1 of area F/I – stratum b
by Karin Kopetzky |
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From the middle of the 13th dynasty (Ph. b/3) onwards
(pic.
1) some of the small huts were connected with each
other to large edifices, where within the rooms and courtyards
burials still can be found. Some of these buildings have
very strong walls, which indicate a second floor. The
difference between simple huts and larger and better equipped
houses hints to the existence of a socially differentiated
society. |
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The settlement pottery shows the first
signs of a local production, independent from the rest
of Egypt. One can recognise amongst the imports (30%)
the first markers of the starting MB IIB culture in the
Syro-Palestinean regions. Together with the local production
of MB II vessels, nearly 40 % of the shapes belong to
the MB II culture
(pic.
2, pic.
3, pic.
4). |
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The tomb architecture is again more elaborate.
Only in this layer can the existence of servant burials
be proofed [1]. In these cases, skeletons of females have
been found in front of the entrance of male main burials.
Most of the burial goods belong to the MB II culture (pic.
5, pic.
6, pic.
7). |
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In the following phase b/2 (pic.
8) some of the already existing edifices were again
enlarged. The imports of the MB II culture were reduced
by 15% compared to the previous phase. Tombs constructed
of sun dried sand and mud bricks are favoured towards
more simple constructions. No general orientation of
the burials has been observed
(pic.
9, pic.
10, pic.
11, pic.
12, pic.
13, pic.14,
pic.15,
pic.16,
pic.17). |
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The next phase b/1 (pic.
18) is the stratigraphically youngest layer that was
used for living. Again some of the villas were enlarged,
while smaller houses were changed to luxurious residences.
In contrast to these generous buildings, there was a decline
in imports to about 10% of the total pottery of Tell el-Dabca.
A fact that is even more astonishing, considering trade
had always been the economical backbone of this city.
The dead were buried in separate areas of the behind of
their houses. The first hints for family crypts, which
became very popular later in the Hyksos period, are also
observed. Still, the main part of the burial goods belongs
to the MB IIB culture. |
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[1] M. BIETAK, Servant Burials
in the Middle Bronze Age Culture of the Eastern Nile Delta,
EI 20 (1989), 30*–43*.
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Bibliography:
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Bagh, T.
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| The Beginning of the Middle Bronze Age in Egypt
and the Levant. A Study of the so-called Levantine
Painted Ware and Related Painted Pottery Styles
of the Beginning of the Middle Bronze Age Focusing
on Chronology, Dissertation, Kopenhagen 2000. |
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Bietak, M.
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| Servant Burials in the Middle Bronze Age Culture
of the Eastern Nile Delta, EI 20 (1989), 30*–43*. |
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| Avaris. The Capital of the Hyksos. Recent Excavations at Tell el-Dabca, Dorset 1996. |
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Bietak, M. und Hein, I.
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| Pharaonen und Fremde. Dynastien im Dunkel, Ausstellungskatalog
des Historischen Museums der Stadt Wien, Wien 1994. |
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Czerny, E.
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| Tell el-Dabca IX. Eine Plansiedlung des frühen
Mittleren Reiches, UZK XV Wien, 1999. |
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Kopetzky, K.
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Die Datierung der Gräber der Grabungsfläche
F/I von Tell el-Dabca anhand der Keramik. Unveröffentl.
Diplomarbeit,
Wien 1993. |
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| The MB II B-Corpus of the Hyksos Period at Tell
el-Dabca, in: M. BIETAK und E. Czerny (eds.), The
Bronze Age in Lebanon. Studies on the Archaeology
and Chronology of Lebanon, Syria and Egypt, CChEM,
Wien (im Druck). |
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Maguire, L.C.,
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| The Circulation of Cypriote Pottery in the Middle
Bronze Age. Vienna (in prep.) |
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Müller, V.,
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| Offering Practices in the Temple Courts of Tell
el-Dabca and the Levant, CChEM 3 (2002). |
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Schiestl, R.,
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| Die Palastnekropole von Tell el-Dabca.
Die Gräber der Straten d/2 und d/1 des Areals
F/I. Dissertation, Wien 2003. |
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